Journal of Social Sciences and Economics
About the Journal The Journal of Social Sciences and Economics (JSSE) [ISSN: 2958-1532] is an open-access, peer-reviewed international journal that publishes high-quality original research across all disciplines of the social sciences and economics. As an open-access journal, all content is freely available to readers and institutions without charge. Users are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to full texts, and to use them for any lawful purpose, in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Focus and Scope JSSE publishes both theoretical and empirical research of the highest academic standard, with emphasis on applied and interdisciplinary issues in: Economics (applied, development, environmental, agricultural, behavioral, and policy analysis) Education, governance, and public policy Social sciences (sociology, anthropology, political science, demography, law, and cultural studies) Development studies and sustainability Interdisciplinary research where social or economic dimensions are central Publication Frequency The journal is published biannually (June and December). To ensure rapid dissemination of knowledge, accepted articles are made available online immediately after acceptance. Audience JSSE serves a global readership, including: Universities and research institutions Governmental and non-governmental organizations Policy makers and development practitioners Individual scholars interested in contemporary issues in social sciences and economics
Retraction: Literature in the Age of AI: How Artificial Intelligence is Reshaping Literary Creation and Criticism
This article is no longer reliable and has been formally withdrawn from the scientific record.
Editor Journal of Social Sciences and Economics
Copyright (c) 2026 Editor Journal of Social Sciences and Economics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Activity Among Older Adults in Burkina Faso: Between Constrained Ageing and Social Inequalities
Population ageing is accelerating in sub-Saharan Africa within a context characterized by limited social protection, widespread informal employment, and weakening family support systems. In Burkina Faso, empirical evidence regarding the economic activity of older individuals remains scarce, despite the rapid growth of this demographic. This study analyzes the determinants of economic activity among individuals aged 60 years and older, utilizing data from the 2019 Population and Housing Census, framed within a biosocial and life-course perspective. The study is based on a nationally representative sample of 925,946 older individuals. Economic activity status (employed versus non-employed) serves as the dependent variable. Descriptive analyses, bivariate associations (chi-square tests), and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to examine the relationships between activity status and demographic, socioeconomic, household, and contextual characteristics. Results indicate that 31.1% of older individuals remain economically active, with a significant concentration in the agricultural sector. Economic participation declines sharply with age and is significantly lower among women than men. Higher educational attainment is positively associated with continued economic activity, while pronounced regional disparities persist. Older individuals residing in rural areas and those heading households are more likely to be economically active. Conversely, residence in urban centers other than the capital, higher household living standards, and advanced age substantially reduce the likelihood of participation. The findings underscore the persistence of cumulative inequalities over the life course, intersecting with gender norms, household roles, and regional economic structures. These results highlight the central role of informal and agricultural employment in sustaining older populations in Burkina Faso. They suggest a need for inclusive social and labor policies that recognize older individuals as economic actors while addressing vulnerability, gender disparities, and the lack of adequate social protection in ageing African societies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aristide Romaric BADO, Louis Niamba, Siaka LOUGUE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fiscal Restructuring and Labour Outcomes in Traditional and Unorganised Production Systems
Through the lens of Indian fiscal restructuring, this paper analyses the reconfiguration of cost structures, employment and income security for traditional and non-formal production systems. Specifically, article tracks labour-intensive, low capital- intensive and less institutionally buffered activities to analyse the impact on sector-level economic adjustment of policy-induced reforms and changes in regimes of indirect taxation and compliance. This study assesses employment outcomes, productivity, and distributive impacts across related phases of production and exchange using sectoral production data, firm-level evidence, and labour income patterns 2020–2025. It shows that fiscal restructuring creates lumpy adjustment channels. Formal integrated, capital-intensive units can buffer against absorb the cost shocks through input credit mechanisms and market integration; small-scale, and household-based units are under smaller operating cost pressures, employment-starved, and income-volatile. Labour exiting is unlikely, as there is no intention to exit labour; rather the adjustment is being done by reducing the intensity of work and formalisation of informalisation, although this does not mean that employment stress is not hidden. The effects are more acute in segments where production is dependent on decentralised organisation and low access to financial intermediation. The paper contends that while macro-based efficiency first fiscal frameworks cause no harm by making abstract to identity, within unorganised production system they lead to disproportionate social injustice unless coupled with sensitive policy instruments with regards to sector. This paper adds to the field of development economics in three ways: it identifies a production environment in which labour outcomes may be especially sensitive to fiscal policy design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Pratheesh Padath, Mr. Ajeesh Babu. B, Dr. M. A. Florence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Standpoint Epistemology to Problematize the Notorious Term of Feminism in Pakistan
Despite decades of feminist scholarship, feminism is a controversial, contested term that is resisted across different socio-political contexts, raising questions about its legitimacy and sustainability. Demands for bodily autonomy and justice around domestic sphere are stigmatized as Western,elitist, and immoral. Present research is drawn upon standpoint epistemology of (Smith, Sandra Harding & Collins) as theoretical guide to problematize the notorious term of feminism by including women’s lived experiences as epistemic resource.To understand the standpoint and perspective of feminists about tensions and to explore why this phenomenon is prejudiced and misunderstood.Sixteen key feminists from different organizations and groups were in-depth interviewed for data collection.Participates held positions as directors of the NGOs, Scholars, Lawyers and NGO workers. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze transcribed data. Findings situate feminism as socially and contextually relatable and provide evidence of merely working against the marginalization of women in a deeply patriarchal environment. Prolematizing feminism suggests that the sustainability of feminism in Pakistan is not defined by rejection but by the commitment of activists who redefine it from their own epistemic strength.Thus Voices and lived experiences of feminist activists count as knowledge for rethinking feminism in Pakistani context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uzma Gulzar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impacts of dynamics in architecture in Bamenda, North West Region Cameroon
ABSTRACT This paper presents the impacts of dynamic in architecture in Bamenda. Over the years, Bamenda has known evolution in architecture from pre-colonial to modern and post-colonial effect. What are the impacts of dynamics in architecture in Bamenda? This study seeks to examine the setbacks caused by dynamics in architecture in Bamenda from the pre-colonial era till date. Collecting data for this paper, we used the qualitative method. This method was employed through techniques such as: direct observation, in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and photography. The data was interpreted using these theories: dynamics of anthropology, Take-off and Modernization theories. Our findings are presented into five main themes that describe the impacts that have taken place in Bamenda due to the transition in architecture. Our findings reveal that the dynamics in architecture has brought about social impacts (negative and positive), economic impacts, cultural impacts (negative and positive) and environmental impacts (negative and positive). Consequently, the dynamics in architecture is fixing as well as destroying Bamenda. Another area of research could be conducted on measures to overcome the impacts of urban dynamics in architecture in Bamenda
Copyright (c) 2026 Ndikaka Basil Ngala, Prof. Paschal Kum Awah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Non-Parametric Analysis of The Relationship Between Business Experience and Entrepreneurial Intention of Final-Semester MBA Students in Nepal
This study examines the relationship between prior business experience and entrepreneurial intention among final-semester MBA students in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 257 final-semester MBA students across five major Nepalese universities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring business experience and entrepreneurial intention. Non-parametric statistical methods including Pearson's chi-square test, Cramér's V, and Goodman-Kruskal's lambda were employed for analysis. The results reveal a statistically significant association between business experience and entrepreneurial intention (χ² = 18.42, p < 0.01, Cramér's V = 0.189). Students with business experience demonstrated higher entrepreneurial intention, with 68.4% expressing intent to start a business within three years compared to 52.1% of those without experience. Family business exposure showed the strongest predictive relationship (λ = 0.312). The convenience sampling approach and cross-sectional design limit generalizability. Future research should employ longitudinal designs and probability sampling methods. MBA programs in Nepal should integrate practical business experiences, internships, and family business case studies to enhance entrepreneurial intention among students. This is the first comprehensive study examining business experience-entrepreneurial intention relationships in the Nepalese MBA student context, contributing to entrepreneurship education literature in developing countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dolendra Paudel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) on Leadership Competencies of School Heads
This study examines the role of leadership competencies in supporting school change management (SCM) within elementary education institutions and explores whether CPD moderates these relationships. Data were gathered from 190 elementary principals using a structured questionnaire. The analysis involved descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression (MLR) using IBM SPSS 26. Pearson correlation showed significant positive links between SCM and all independent variables: IPS (r = .537, p < .01), SeM (r = .408, p < .01), SuC (r = .392, p < .01), and CPD (r = .214, p = .003). MLR identified IPS as the strongest predictor (β = .521, p = .027), followed by SeM (β = .068, p = .019), SuC (β = .068, p = .038), and CPD (β = .166, p = .001). The model was statistically significant (F = 34.287, p < .001), accounting for 53.8% of the variance in SCM (R² = .538). Furthermore, CPD significantly moderated the connection between leadership skills and SCM, highlighting its role as a catalyst for effective leadership. It is recommended that educational leaders incorporate CPD into their leadership strategies to boost IPS, SeM, and SuC, as these significantly predict effective SCM.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahid Abbas Sherazi Sherazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Driven Supply Chain Integration on Environmental Sustainability in the RMG Sector: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Technological Readiness and Supply Chain Agility
The study aims to explore the complex relationship between AI-SCI and ES in the RMG sector of Bangladesh. The study uses a quantitative research method and a cross-sectional survey. The sample size was sufficiently large, drawing upon the data of 389 managerial professionals employed in the RMG sector in Bangladesh. The study used PLS-SEM for complex model testing in management studies to ascertain the complex interrelationships among AI-SCI, TR, SCA, and ES. The findings demonstrate that there is a positive statistical association between AI-SCI and ES (β = 0.229, p < 0.000), indicating the role AI technologies could play in promoting sustainable operations. The results show that technological readiness (β = 0.793, p < 0.000) and supply chain agility (β = 0.813, p < 0.000) are crucial mediators that significantly strengthen the effect of AI-SCI on sustainability performance. These results show that the effect of AI-SCI on promoting environmental sustainability is not much direct but mainly the intermediate role of superior technological capabilities and enhanced agility of supply chain integration. The study provides helpful implications for RMG companies and policy makers. This study adds to the literature by filling a knowledge gap on how AI implementation may galvanize sustainable RMG practices especially in emerging countries
Copyright (c) 2025 S.K Md Anik Hassan Rabby Anik, Mohammad Monir Hossain Patwary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of High-Quality Development in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region from the Perspective of Common Prosperity
Given the driving and radiating effect of urban high-quality development on the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region, this paper aims to promote the realization of the goal of common prosperity in the region and provide more comprehensive references for the strategic planning and implementation paths of high-quality regional development. From the perspective of common prosperity, this study constructs an evaluation index system for high-quality development and employs the entropy weight method to measure the high-quality development levels of nine prefecture-level cities in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region from 2018 to 2022. It further uses a coupling coordination model to assess the level of coordinated development in the region. The results show that the overall level of high-quality development in the region is steadily improving, with all cities showing positive development trends. Xi'an, Lanzhou, and Yinchuan are at the forefront. Although the region as a whole is in a stage of low coordination, its coordination level is gradually improving, with Xi'an, Lanzhou, and Yinchuan leading in coordination as well. It is recommended that the government continue to enhance coordination among cities to promote integrated regional development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yongjuan Yu, Chongyang Zhang, Yijun Wu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Future of Smart Tax Systems: Integrating Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Autonomous Compliance Technologies for Transparent and Efficient Tax Administration
The research looks at how AI, Blockchain and Autonomous Compliance Technologies can be added to tax administrations to help increase transparency, efficiency and compliance in managing public finances. This research uses Rogers’ theory about innovation diffusion, it examines how various technologies are gaining acceptance and use in institutions. To analyze five progressive countries in the digital world, I used a qualitative multiple-case study design such as Estonia, Armenia, Singapore, South Korea and the United States, since they all differ in their digital and government technology levels. The study included 15 informants who were chosen because they were actively engaged in digital transformation activities for their tax agencies. Semi-structured interviews and an in-depth review of documents like national policies, technical reports and evaluation reports from the World Wide Web Foundation, the findings were reached. Codes were made in NVivo 12 and each code related to concepts present in the study’s theory. It has been found that AI improves the handling of risks, AI is effective in identifying fraud, blockchain ensures that transactions are unchangeable and visible to auditors and AI-powered compliance keeps reports accurate and regularly updated.It is clear from the findings that clearly written regulations, strong safety rules, improved institutions and engaging many stakeholders help implement the guidelines better. Additionally, it is advised to organize coordination across nations, test the relevant technologies and continuously observe their process to responsibly scale them up.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Mujahid Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Rise of the Global South in English Literature: Decolonizing the Curriculum through Fiction
This paper explores including Global South fiction in English literature classes and its part in promoting higher education decolonization. To investigate these matters, the study conducted curriculum analysis, interviewed both teachers and students and observed classes at three universities (one in the North and two in the South). It has been shown that while some institutions in the Global South, including India and South Africa, are writing new curricula, those in the Global North usually keep teaching the same Eurocentric books, not allowing room for diverse or non-Western authors. The research recognized four trends, among others: (1) little inclusion of Global South literature on most core programs, (2) many postcolonial texts exploring the themes of resistance, hybridity and identity, (3) a noticeable improvement in student engagement and thoughtful responses in decolonial classrooms and (4) significant adverse effects at the institution because many teachers are not trained, bureaucracy is slow and there are few resources. The study outlines a useful way to decolonize literature, supported by improvements in teaching materials, teaching styles and new school policies. It adds knowledge to discussions surrounding epistemic justice, including literature and equal opportunities in education. The new trend points out that fiction from the Global South can influence an audience by questioning mainstream stories and educating everyone to be more aware of culture. By focusing on the works of writers from non-mainstream regions, the field recommends a change in how literature is taught, respected and organized in international universities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anwar Hussain, Humaira Aslam, Muhammad Ashraf Kaloi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RETRACTED: Literature in the Age of AI: How Artificial Intelligence is Reshaping Literary Creation and Criticism
This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for details. AI is increasingly present in creative areas, and its effect on literature can be seen as it influences the way people write and analyze literature. This research explores the effects of AI on literature by studying readers’ and experts’ opinions using a survey method, and analyzing the results with statistics and graphs. Although the writing is seen as stylish and thematically linked, the missing element is the strong emotions and cultural background you find in works written by people. In general, people were positive about AI assisting with literature but had ethical issues with different authorship, uncertain copyright support, and possible bias built into the training process. AI tools are mostly trusted for theme discovery and emotional analysis, but people still doubt their ability to make literary judgments. The findings are placed in the context of larger discussions, pointing out that we must address ethics, discuss various areas and methods, and create ways for human creativity and machine efficiency to blend together. The objective now is not to avoid automation, but to integrate AI positively into literature, supporting rather than disrupting the unique aspects of storytelling.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azmat Ali Khan, Rida Shabir , Abdullah Zaman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gig Economy and Freelancing: Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan, a Qualitative Study
The study aims to highlight the challenges and opportunities for the gig economy in Pakistan. The study used a qualitative research design and thematic analysis. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews with gig workers nationwide. The sample size was decided based on the saturation point, and expert non-probability sampling was used to collect data. The study identified opportunities for gig workers in Pakistan, such as global access, tax-free sector, earning remittances, free training, and the flexible nature of the job. Despite the opportunities, the gig economy faces challenges related to internet and online connectivity issues, legal issues, payment issues, VPN access issues, and job burnout. The study also highlighted policy recommendations for policymakers to increase social protection and resolve legal matters related to the gig economy in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Khuram Shahzad, Dr Jameel Ahmed, Dr Furqan ul Haq Siddiqui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Borders: How the Palestine-Israel Conflict Fuels Vicarious Trauma in Young Adults of Pakistan
The rise of digital media has increased exposure to global conflicts, often leading to emotional distress. This study explores vicarious trauma among young adults exposed to conflict-related content on social media, focusing on the Israel-Palestinian crisis. Using reflexive thematic analysis of semi-structured focus groups, the research identifies four key themes. Participants expressed feelings of helplessness, guilt, and sadness, yet demonstrated emotional resourcefulness. Faith in divine justice provided strength, while social support through communal discussions offered validation. Resilience was evident in refraining from distressing content and regulating emotions to stay engaged without burnout. These findings highlight how digital media shapes emotional responses and coping mechanisms, emphasizing the need for psychological tools to support well-being while maintaining moral engagement. This study contributes to the understanding of indirect trauma in the digital age, with implications for mental health support in increasingly connected societies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hajra Baig, Ayesha Nawal Farooq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unlocking the Potential of Special Economic Zones under CPEC: A Strategic Analysis of Success Factors and Barriers in Pakistan
This study explains the drivers and barriers influencing the success of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Pakistan, with a focus on SEZs proposed under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). A quantitative approach was employed, collecting data from 68 stakeholders, including industrialists, academicians, policymakers, and zone developers, through surveys and interviews. The results indicate that strong government support, robust regulatory frameworks, and effective linkages are essential for SEZ success. However, challenges such as political interference, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of skilled labor significantly hinder progress. Comparative analysis of stakeholder perspectives identifies key areas for improvement, including aligning SEZ policies with national development goals, fostering linkages, and enhancing transparency. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to optimize SEZ strategies, improve institutional autonomy, and foster sustainable investments under CPEC. This research offers a comprehensive, stakeholder-informed analysis of SEZ success factors in Pakistan, addressing a critical gap in the literature on CPEC-related economic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Naeem Khan, Saira Naeem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pakistan’s Economic Relations with the European Union (2013-2023): Challenges, Opportunities and Policy Lessons
The EU and Pakistan relations are shaped by interrelated political, economic and strategic factors. Currently, Pakistan’s economic relations with the EU are shaped by its GSP+ status. In 2014, the EU included Pakistan in GSP+ status when it ratified all international conventions required for admission in the scheme. The primary aim of GSP+ scheme is to assist developing nations in alleviating poverty, establishing good governance, and promoting sustainable development. The scheme offers opportunities for these states to engage in trade with the EU with low or no tariffs to generate additional revenues. While Pakistan is currently the largest beneficiary of GSP+ scheme, several challenges, mainly related to the exports’ diversification and competitiveness, reduce the scope of its economic ties with the EU. However, the country is potentially capable of addressing these challenges and upgrading economic relations with the EU. Drawn on David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage and using qualitative research approach, this study analyses Pakistan’s trade relations with the EU with an aim to underline challenges and opportunities in this regard, and then offer policy lessons for Pakistan regarding the upgradation of economic relations with the EU.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Riaz Shad, Aqsa Malik, Yumna Rashid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Digital Marketing Mix and Complaint Handling on Customer Decisions, Satisfaction, and Loyalty in Clinical Laboratory Services
The research investigates the influence of the digital marketing mix and complaint management on the contentment, loyalty, and decisions of customers in clinical laboratory services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the analysis investigates the relationships among latent variables, such as consumer satisfaction, loyalty, and decision-making. "Promotion" strategies and "product" quality are critical components that contribute to consumer satisfaction and loyalty, as the results show. Remarkably, "Social Media Impact" and "Speed of Response" became essential metrics for efficient complaint resolution, emphasizing their impact on retention and confidence. The results also indicate that consumer perception is a critical intermediary that connects marketing strategies to customer outcomes. The study highlights that targeted marketing, superior goods, and effective complaint resolution enhance consumer loyalty, even during competitive and turbulent conditions. Moreover, product diversity, quality, and congruence with consumer goals substantially affect customer satisfaction, a crucial mediator that influences loyalty and decision-making. This information provides clinical laboratories with recommendations for enhancing their digital marketing and complaint management, thereby achieving long-term success and more engaged customers
Copyright (c) 2025 immanurdin abdillah, Dr.Hadi, Prof. Edy, Dr. Wheny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fluctuations in Electricity Prices and the Identification of Bubbles in Italy during COVID-19
The main objective of this study is to identify whether there exists explosive behavior in Italian electricity prices or not by considering the data from January 2020 to December 2021. To achieve this, three econometric methods have been utilized which are developed to detect bubbles. These methods are: right tail Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Sequential Augmented Dickey Fuller (SADF) test and generalized sup Augmented Dickey Fuller (GSADF) test. ADF test detected no explosive behavior in Italian electricity prices while both SADF and GSADF tests have revealed presence of explosive behavior in electricity prices. Further, SADF and GSADF tests identify specific periods of explosive behavior characterized by significant price fluctuations. Several policy recommendations for solving this problem arise: introduce stabilizing price mechanisms; therefore, consumers may face stabilized unaffordable high rises and prices; on the other hand, one more method proposed is energy resource diversification, specifically on promotion renewable energy so people avoid usage of sources heavily volatile prices of fossils. In addition to these changes, the enhanced monitoring and regulatory capabilities in the market may help in providing fair competitiveness, transparent price, and avoidance of any kind of manipulation in the market. Additionally, demand supply management programs during peak periods of price volatility and long-term contracts would provide considerable stability and predictability, thereby creating favorable conditions both for producers and consumers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahid Akbar, Maria Idrees, Mubasher Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Population Growth on CO₂ Emissions in Export-Driven Global Transport: A 30-Country Analysis (2011-2020)
The study explores the complex relationship between population growth and CO2 emissions in an export-driven activity that is focusing on the global transportation sector. It addresses a gap in existing literature by that how demographic trends may influence an environmental impact of an international trade. By using robust dataset of 30 countries from 2011-2020. It uses advanced models to check the relation between trade activities, population growth and CO2 emissions. Results show that an export activity can highly influence in rising CO2 emissions due to an increased energy consumption which is associated with the production and transportation of goods. Further, population growth has strengthened by increasing the demand for transportation services that leads to a higher emission of CO2. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of including demographic factors in formulating or devising sustainable transportation policies. Policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders can develop more effective strategies to reduce the carbon footprint of transportation and promote environmental sustainability by understanding the moderating roe of population growth. Finally, it provides valuable insights into the complex connection between trade, population growth, and environmental impact that contribute to the broader discussion on sustainable development and climate change mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wasim Abbas Shaheen, Muhammad Kazim, Noman Shafi, Nadia Perveen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Communication Strategies as a Catalyst for Trust Building During Banking Mergers: Lessons from Nepalese Bank
This study investigates the key determinants of customer satisfaction in the post-merger context of NIC Asia Bank and Kumari Bank, with a focus on technological innovation, employee competence, and communication strategies. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory and Post-Merger Integration Theory, the study integrates cultural integration as a moderating variable. Using a stratified random sampling method, data were collected from 500 respondents representing diverse customer segments. Quantitative analyses, including descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression models, reveal that employee competence (β = 0.50) is the most significant driver of satisfaction, followed by communication strategies (β = 0.40) and technological innovation (β = 0.35). Cultural integration (β = 0.20) amplifies these relationships, enhancing the customer experience during organizational transitions. Findings highlight significant urban-rural disparities, with urban customers favoring digital banking and rural customers relying on traditional services. Accessibility challenges were particularly pronounced in rural areas. This study provides actionable recommendations for banks navigating mergers, emphasizing the need for improved digital infrastructure, tailored communication, workforce training, and cultural alignment to ensure sustained customer satisfaction and loyalty. These insights contribute to academic discourse and offer practical strategies for the financial sector.
Copyright (c) 2024 Madan Kandel, Bhupindra Jung Basnet, Ramesh Datt Joshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of The Correlation Between Rwanda’s Agricultural Growth and Economic Development
Rwanda's economy has historically been based mostly on agriculture, although remains crucial to the country's socioeconomic growth, for the overwhelming majority of people in this largely rural nation, the agriculture sector continues to be an essential means of occupation, income, and food security.This research took the analysis of the link between economic development and growth in agriculture is determined by the Consumer Price Index, the GINI coefficient, and the gross domestic product (GDP), and poverty reduction in the Rwandan economybased on data obtained from the Rwanda National Institute of Statistics and the World Bank,the studyemployed regression analysis to test the correlation coefficient and respective coefficients: the ARIMA method model, error correction method, unit root test, and cointegration analysis. The findings show that agricultural growth defined by the annual increase of the general average output level hasa positive impact on the economic development of the country
Copyright (c) 2025 NDAYISHIMIYE LEONARD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on Teacher’s Job Satisfaction in Private Higher Education Sector in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
Research on teachers’ job satisfaction has a significant meaning in improving the academic achievements and performance of teachers. In higher education sector, teachers’ job satisfaction is worth to study, higher education sector has an especial contribution because the feature of private college is like enterprise, not only an education institution. Job satisfaction is a classical and long-term topic in Management field, across types of enterprises and institutions around the world, there are various definitions and influencing factors of job satisfaction, this research mainly talks about teacher's job satisfaction in Zhuhai, Guangdong in China. After 2000, in Zhuhai established several private college which has good education quality. Economic development in Guangdong province in China is rapid, Zhuhai is the first tier city of special economic zones setting in opening and reform of China since 1978, Zhuhai has become a well-known "livable city" by virtue of its superior geographical conditions and economic development level. In order to develop education, Zhuhai has vigorously introduced universities, provided land free of charge, and built campuses with high standards, attracting many well-known universities to settle down, thus Zhuahai has a significant research meaningfulness. This research conducts both quantitative and qualitative method, applying survey and thematic analysis. This research aims to find the degree of job satisfaction of teachers who work in private colleges in Zhuhai, Guangdong in China.
Copyright (c) 2024 RUIQI LIU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Development and Validation of Media Exposure to Terrorism Scale: A Mixed-Method Approach
The purpose of the study is to develop an original, valid, and reliable measure of Media exposure to terrorism (METT) that could adequately measure the effects of METT on adolescents’ mental health who have been exposed to the Army public School Peshawar (APSP) terrorist attack through media. Previously available measures on METT have some limitations. The scale was developed through a systematic process where in Phase I qualitative data acquired from Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted with adolescents ( N = 45) -who came to know about the event through media- were subjected to content analysis for item generation. Phase II was the tryout and validation of the developed scale. The developed scale was validated through exploratory factor analysis (N = 380), confirmatory factor analysis (N = 332), convergent validity, contrasted groups, calculating Cronbach’s alpha reliability estimates and item-total correlation coefficient (N=716). Sample of the study was based on student population (12-17 years) selected from 7 different cities of Pakistan. The results revealed that developed measure is valid, parsimonious, and reliable enough to be used in quantitative study to reveal the effect of METT on adolescents’ mental health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanam Younis, Dr. Humaira Jami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the Impact of Environmental Regulation on the Environmental Responsibility Behavior of Residents in Grassland Tourist Areas: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia
With the intensifying global environmental issues, environmental regulation has become a critical means for governments to promote sustainable development. This paper focuses on the grassland pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia to explore the impact of environmental regulation on the environmental responsibility behavior of local residents in tourist areas. The study background indicates that Inner Mongolia boasts abundant grassland resources and unique ethnic culture, forming the basis for rapid tourism development. However, the growth of tourism has also imposed significant environmental pressures. Thus, examining how environmental regulation can enhance residents' environmental responsibility behavior holds both theoretical and practical significance. This paper first systematically reviews theories and research progress related to environmental regulation and environmental responsibility behavior, laying a theoretical foundation for the study. Based on this, through literature review and field research, it deeply analyzes the current status and challenges of environmental regulation in Inner Mongolia’s grassland pastoral tourist areas. The study finds that government regulatory measures and residents' engagement in pastoral areas directly influence residents' environmental responsibility behavior. The empirical analysis details how environmental regulation affects residents' environmental awareness and practical behaviors. Field research in Inner Mongolia’s grassland areas reveals that environmental education and legal regulation effectively enhance residents’ environmental responsibility awareness, while participatory management and community development play vital roles in fostering responsible environmental behavior among residents. The article concludes with a discussion of the findings and provides policy recommendations to assist the government in formulating more effective environmental regulatory policies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yu Lei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the Mechanism of Agricultural Socialized Services in China Under the Leadership of the Communist Party—A Case Study of Shanxi
From the perspective of agricultural socialized services under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), this paper focuses on analyzing the mechanism by which the scale of socialized agricultural services impacts agricultural production efficiency. The research found that CPC leadership effectively promotes the consolidation of farmland, enabling the scaling and mechanization of agricultural socialized services, which increases production and income. The expansion of service scale and the increased participation of farmers in socialized agricultural service links contribute to improving agricultural production efficiency. Agricultural socialized service work should fully leverage the leadership role of the CPC. Party committees at all levels should establish a coordinated linkage mechanism for management services, guiding grassroots Party organizations to actively promote the deepening development of agricultural socialized services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhenyu Zhang, Linsheng Shao, Jianjun Li, Hongyan Ren, Weihong Han, Ying Fan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Worldwide Financial Crisis: An Analysis of Financial Performance from the Banking Sector of Pakistan
The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-2008, which started in the USA and quickly spread worldwide, caused major disruptions in many countries' economies. This study focuses on evaluating the financial performance of Pakistan's banking sector before and after the crisis, spanning from 2004 to 2013. Both Islamic banks (IBs) and conventional banks (CBs) were analyzed, looking at variables like return on assets, investments, solvency, liquidity, deposits, asset quality, advances, and total asset size. A stepwise panel regression model was used for the analysis. The results show that asset quality and advances had a positive effect on return on assets, while solvency, liquidity, investments, deposits, and total asset size had a negative impact. Comparisons between the pre-crisis (2004-2008) and post-crisis (2009-2013) periods suggest that the global financial crisis had an insignificant effect on the financial operations of Pakistan's banking sector.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anum Naeem Muhammad Aneem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Affecting the Accessibility of Maternal Healthcare Facilities in Punjab Province, Pakistan
The study was conducted to identify the hidden factors that influence maternal health services in the Punjab region of Pakistan. The study was conducted in Punjab province, Pakistan. A multi stage sampling technique was used to cover the large area. The area was separated into three stages. In the first stage, one division of Gujranwala out of nine divisions was selected through a random sampling technique. In the second stage, two districts were selected Sialkot and Gujranwala through a random sampling technique. In the third stage, four hundred respondents were selected 200 from each district through a convenient sampling technique. The findings of the research demonstrate that most of the respondents were living in rural areas. The majority of the respondents were high school pass and the respondent’s husband's education was intermediate level. Most of the respondent’s total household monthly income was 20001-30000. The majority of the respondents have less awareness about pregnancy problems and respondents faced complications during pregnancy. Most of the mothers faced difficult access to maternal health care services and had a long distance to health care center from home while most of the respondents hardly had access to transport. The majority of the respondents could not afford any maternal health care services and were waiting long hours for checkup sat the maternal health centers. The majority of the respondents adopted a traditional method and they delivered the baby at home and most of the respondents agreed that patriarchy impacts maternal health care services. It is recommended that the government ensure basic education, particularly in rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2024 Areeba Lubat Naz, Sadia Rafi, Mumtaz Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Risk and Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Asymmetric Apillover on Global Energy Mix
Owing to the increasing debt-to-GDP ratio and the attendant high multidimensional poverty in Nigeria, this study set out to examine the role of external debt on poverty alleviation in Nigeria. The model constructed for the study proxies final consumption expenditure as the endogenous variable measuring poverty rate as a function of external debt and external debt service. Annual time series data was gathered from the World Bank’s World Development Indicator (WDI) from 1981 to 2021. The econometric techniques of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF) Unit Root test, Bound Co-integration test, and Error Correction Model (ECM) were engaged in the empirical analysis. The co-integration test shows that a long-run equilibrium relationship exists among the variables. The findings from the long-run result show that external debt has a significant positive impact on the poverty rate in Nigeria. The study gives some policy recommendations based on the findings.
Copyright (c) 2024 Khadim Hussain, Zhong Jian, Anwar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
External Debt Accumulation and Poverty Rate in Nigeria: An Error Correction Approach
Owing to the increasing debt-to-GDP ratio and the attendant high multidimensional poverty in Nigeria, this study set out to examine the role of external debt on poverty alleviation in Nigeria. The model constructed for the study proxies final consumption expenditure as the endogenous variable measuring poverty rate as a function of external debt and external debt service. Annual time series data was gathered from the World Bank’s World Development Indicator (WDI) from 1981 to 2021. The econometric techniques of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Unit Root test, Bound Cointegration test, and Error Correction Model (ECM) were engaged in the empirical analysis. The co-integration test shows that a long-run equilibrium relationship exists among the variables. The findings from the long-run result show that external debt has a significant positive impact on the poverty rate in Nigeria. The study gives some policy recommendations based on the findings
Copyright (c) 2024 Christian Agu, Cornelius Chinemeogo Ugwuoke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Regenerating Sustainable Energy and Environmental Solutions: Challenges and Opportunity in Belt and Road Initiative Countries
This study examines financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, urbanization, and environmental degradation in 47 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries from 1980 to 2022. Panel unit root tests (IPS, LLC, PP, and ADF) ensured data correctness and stationarity. Three co-integration tests examined the variables' connections. Difference of means (DOLS) and functional moment (FMOLS) tests examined BRI economies' co-integration. A paired Granger causality test found bidirectional correlations between CO2 emissions, urbanization, financial development, economic growth, and the creation of gross fixed capital. Trade openness only correlated with ecological well-being. International study suggests regional, state, and federal policy implications. The empirical investigation used a panel causal heterogeneous test, dynamic ordinary least squares(DOLS), and fully modified ordinary least squares (MOLS) with fixed and random effects. Trade openness negatively affected CO2 emissions, but all other regressors positively affected environmental quality. Good governance and country-specific policies are needed to maximize BRI advantages. Despite conflicting energy statistics, the study found that economic development hurt the environment in all 47 countries. Industrialized nations generally use renewable energy, which minimizes ecological issues, hence their omission from the BRI full panel may explain the negative coefficient. Since most BRI economies are in emergent and growing countries, environmental preservation and renewable energy technologies need more time and money. Instead of coal, the Chinese government and other BRI nations are urged to invest in wind, hydro, solar, and biomass. Sharing green energy technology might help BRI economies. Cross-national urbanization strategy should incorporate eco-friendly solutions. The panel and governments may utilize the paper's substantial policy recommendations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Arif, Maham Zahoor, Rabia Faridi, Miral Maryam, Naveed Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0